Everything about Vera Figner totally explained
Vera Nikolayevna Figner (Filippova) (
Вера Николаевна Фигнер (Филиппова)) (6.25(7.7).1852 – 6.15.6.1942) was a
Russian
revolutionary and
narodnik born
June 25,
1852 in
Kazan,
Russia.
History
From 1863-1869, Vera Figner attended Rodionovsky Institute for Women in
Kazan. From 1872-1875, she was a student of Department of Medicine at the
University of Zurich. In 1873, Figner joined a student club called
Frichi, members of which would later form the nucleus of the
All-Russian Social Revolutionary Organization. In December of 1875, she returned to
Russia and a year later became one of the separatist narodniks (
Yuri Bogdanovich and others among them), who had been siding with
Zemlya i volya.
Figner took part in the
Kazan demonstration in
St.Petersburg in 1876. From 1877-1879, working as a doctor's assistant, she conducted revolutionary
propaganda in the villages around
Samara and
Saratov. In 1879, Figner took part in the
Voronezh Congress of
Zemlya i volya (
Land and Liberty). After the split of Zemlya i volya in 1879, she became a member of the Executive Committee of
Narodnaya Volya (The Will of the People), conducting propaganda activities among
intelligentsia, students and military in St.Petersburg,
Kronstadt and southern parts of Russia. Figner took part in the creation of the paramilitary wing of Narodnaya Volya and its activities. She participated in planning the
assassination of
Alexander II in 1880 in
Odessa and in 1881 in St. Petersburg. After the successful assassination attempt on the tsar on
March 1, 1881, Figner conducted revolutionary activities in Odessa. Being the only member of the Executive Committee left in Russia, she tried to resurrect Narodnaya Volya starting in 1882, which had been eliminated by the
police.
Arrest and exile
As a result of the betrayal by
Sergey Degayev, Figner was arrested in
Kharkov on February 10, 1883 and a year later sentenced to death during the
Trial of the Fourteen. The sentence, however, was changed, through the mediation by
Niko Nikoladze, to eternal
katorga. She spent the following 20 months in
solitary confinement in
Peter and Paul Fortress before her trial and was then imprisoned for 20 years at
Schlüsselburg. In 1904, Figner was sent into
exile to the
Arkhangelsk guberniya, then
Kazan guberniya, and later
Nizhny Novgorod. In 1906, she went abroad, where she'd organize a campaign for protecting
political prisoners in Russia. She spoke in different
European cities, collected money, published a
brochure on Russian
prisons translated into many languages. From 1907-1909, Figner joined the
Esers, but left the party after the
Azef scandal. In 1915, she returned to Russia for good.
Post-revolution
After the
October Revolution (she never accepted the way it had happened), Figner published her book called
Memoirs of a Revolutionist ("Запечатлённый труд"), which is still considered one of the best examples of the Russian
memoir genre. The book made her famous worldwide and was translated into many languages. Figner was also a member of the
Society of the Former Political Prisoners and Exiles (Обществo бывших политкаторжан и ссыльнопоселенцев). She took active part in a magazine called
Katorga and Exile ("Каторга и ссылка"). Figner authored a number of
biographies of several narodniks and articles on history of the Russian revolutionary movement from the 1870s-1880s.
Further Information
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